★链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎临床表现
临床表现各异,从无症状的镜下血尿到典型的急性肾炎综合征不等,而后者的特征是红色至棕色尿、蛋白尿(可达肾病范围)、水肿、高血压和血清肌酐水平升高[参考文献:16、SanjadS,TolaymatA,WhitworthJ,LevinS.Acuteglomerulonephritisinchildren:areviewofcases.SouthMedJ;70:.17、SagelI,TreserG,TyA,etal.OccurrenceandnatureofglomerularlesionsaftergroupAstreptococciinfectionsinchildren.AnnInternMed;79:.18、LewyJE,Salinas-MadrigalL,HerdsonPB,etal.Clinico-pathologiccorrelationsinacutepoststreptococcalglomerulonephritis.Acorrelationbetweenrenalfunctions,morphologicdamageandclinicalcourseof46childrenwithacutepoststreptococcalglomerulonephritis.Medicine(Baltimore);50:.]。然而,绝大多数儿童无症状,一项纳入例GAS感染儿童的研究阐明了这点,这些儿童中仅20例出现了泌尿系统异常和血清补体活性短暂性降低,其中仅1例出现了临床症状[参考文献:17、SagelI,TreserG,TyA,etal.OccurrenceandnatureofglomerularlesionsaftergroupAstreptococciinfectionsinchildren.AnnInternMed;79:.]。
通常有皮肤或咽部A组β型溶血性链球菌前驱感染史[参考文献:6、BlythCC,RobertsonPW,RosenbergAR.Post-streptococcalglomerulonephritisinSydney:a16-yearretrospectivereview.JPaediatrChildHealth;43:.16、SanjadS,TolaymatA,WhitworthJ,LevinS.Acuteglomerulonephritisinchildren:areviewofcases.SouthMedJ;70:.17、SagelI,TreserG,TyA,etal.OccurrenceandnatureofglomerularlesionsaftergroupAstreptococciinfectionsinchildren.AnnInternMed;79:.]。GAS感染和PSGN之间的潜伏期取决于感染部位:GAS咽炎后的潜伏期为1-3周,GAS皮肤感染后的潜伏期为3-6周[参考文献:19、NissensonAR,BaraffLJ,FineRN,KnutsonDW.Poststreptococcalacuteglomerulonephritis:factandcontroversy.AnnInternMed;91:76.]。
●PSGN儿童最常见的主诉症状[参考文献:16、SanjadS,TolaymatA,WhitworthJ,LevinS.Acuteglomerulonephritisinchildren:areviewofcases.SouthMedJ;70:.17、SagelI,TreserG,TyA,etal.OccurrenceandnatureofglomerularlesionsaftergroupAstreptococciinfectionsinchildren.AnnInternMed;79:.18、LewyJE,Salinas-MadrigalL,HerdsonPB,etal.Clinico-pathologiccorrelationsinacutepoststreptococcalglomerulonephritis.Acorrelationbetweenrenalfunctions,morphologicdamageandclinicalcourseof46childrenwithacutepoststreptococcalglomerulonephritis.Medicine(Baltimore);50:.20、BecquetO,PascheJ,GattiH,etal.Acutepost-streptococcalglomerulonephritisinchildrenofFrenchPolynesia:a3-yearretrospectivestudy.PediatrNephrol;25:.]:
●水肿?-约2/3的患者因水钠潴留而出现全身水肿。在严重病例中,液体过剩会导致肺水肿所致的呼吸窘迫。
●肉眼血尿?-约30%-50%的患者出现肉眼血尿。尿液呈烟灰色、茶色或可口可乐色。
●高血压?-50%-90%的患者出现轻度至重度不等的高血压,主要原因是水钠潴留。高血压脑病是一种罕见但严重的并发症。磁共振显像可能显示可逆性后部白质脑病[参考文献:21、FuxCA,BianchettiMG,JakobSM,RemondaL.Reversibleencephalopathy